The effect of using fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FC3R) "as a cement replacement in soft soil stabilisation"

Construction sector suffer from many problems due to presence of the soft soil in many worlds' parts and to solve these problem the soft soil should be stabilised by either mechanically or chemically; the mechanical ways can be achieved by replacing with stronger materials or using special machines to increase the soil stability result which considered high cost, researchers try to find another method with alternative materials like cement, lime and pozzolanic materials to qualify the soft soil on the civil engineering project. The aim of this study is to evaluate the soft soil properties that cured with 9% binders of various mixtures of binary blended produced from Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FC3R), which is a by-produced material from petroleum sector. Geotechnical tests like (compaction, un-confined compressive strength (UCS) test and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) were used to investigate the optimum binary mixture. Results show that the use of FC3R as a cement replacement developed the strength of soft soil after 28 days result in a higher strength comparison to using OPC alone in soil stabilisation. SEM proved presence of OPC hydration products during different curing ages. © IAEME Publication

The development of an ecofriendly binder containing high volume of cement replacement by incorporating two by-product materials for the use in soil stabilization

The development of an ecofriendly binder containing high volume of cement replacement by incorporating two waste materials for the use in soil stabilization. This paper investigates the possibility of replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by two waste and by-product materials for the use of a silty clay soil stabilization purpose. The soil was treated by 9.0% OPC where this mixture was used as a reference for all tests. Two by - product materials: ground granulated blast furnace slag and cement kiln dust were used as replacement materials. Consistency limits, compaction and unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests were conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out for the proposed binder to investigate the reaction of products over curing time. Seven curing periods were adopted for all mixtures; 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 52, and 90 days. The results showed that the strength development over curing periods after cement replacement up to 45-60% was closed to those of the reference specimens. The microphotographs of SEM analysis showed that the formation of Ettringite and Portladite as well as to calcium silicate hydrate gel was obvious at curing periods longer than 7 days reflected that the replacing materials succeed to produce the main products necessary for binder formation

Galvanic Cathodic Protection Evaluation of a Steel Pipe in Iraqi Soil

Corrosion is the main problem for the embedded pipelines in different environment resistivities. The most effective method to overcome this problem is cathodic protection which represents as a control method of the pipe corrosion. For achieving longer life of the external corrosion control system and evaluating the performance of aluminum alloys which have been used as sacrificed anodes to protect the embedded carbon steel pipe in different artificial simulated resistivity of soils in Iraq of [5000 , 1000 , 600 , 50 and 25 (Ω.cm)]. Results show that (Al-10 wt% Zn) as sacrificial anode alloy has the best anode capacity compared with other anodes under these conditions (Al-5 wt% Zn), and (Al-15 wt% Zn). The selection for these alloys based on that they have high potential in many environments when coupling with steels without effect of microbial, obstacle and stray current. The polarization curves of alloys also show no passivation behavior in artificial resistivities. The corrosion rate of different anode alloys was determinated as a function of applied cathodic protection. It was found a relationship between electric potential and time which determine the optimum potential in different soil types for the three above selected electrodes (anodes)

The development of a low carbon binder produced from the ternary blending of cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag and high calcium fly ash: An experimental and statistical approach

This research aims to develop a new, environmentally friendly, cementitious material by blending Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and High Calcium Fly Ash (HCFA). Compressive strength and electrical resistivity tests were used to evaluate the mortars’ performance. A multi-regression (MR) model was also utilised to study the effects of curing time and content of OPC, GGBS and HCFA on the mortars’ strength and to identify the relationship between measured and predicted compressive strengths. The results indicated that the newly developed binder was composed of 35 wt% OPC, 35 wt% GGBS and 30 wt% HCFA that showed a compressive strength and surface electrical resistivity of 30.8 MPa and 103.5 kΩ.cm after 56 days of curing, respectively. Significant changes in the microstructure of the developed binder paste over curing time were evidenced by SEM imaging. The statistical analysis indicated that the influence of the parameters examined on the development of the mortars’ compressive strength could be modelled with a coefficient of determination, R2of 0.893, and that the relative importance of these parameters followed the order curing time (t) > HCFA% > OPC% > GGBS%. This new binder could contribute significantly to decreasing the cost of construction materials and to reducing CO2emissions. © 2018 Elsevier Lt

Soft Soil Treated with Waste Fluid Catalytic Cracking as a Sustainable Stabilizer Material

This research aims to stabilize clayey soil utilizing fluid catalytic cracking with an unchangeable ordinary portland cement ratio of 3 percent. A soft clayey soil was blended with 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 percent of fluid catalytic cracking by the dry stabilized soil weight, the ordinary portland cement amount has been fixed at 3 percent. The adding of different FCC ratios impact cement stabilized soil evaluated based on the results of unconfined-compressive-strengths test that gained after curing for 7 and 28 days. It was noticeable from the results that the best combination is the combination of soil remedied with 3 percent of each cement and FCC in improving the compressive strengths from 249.80 to 806.20k Pa for the stabilized soil after curing for 28 days. The most highlighting soil binder combination was analyzed utilizing scanning electron microscopy. It was noticed from the scanning electron microscopy results; cementitious materials were produced after 7 days of curing and improved more after curing for eight days

Stabilization of Soft Soil by a Sustainable Binder Comprises Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD)

Due to its significant deficiencies such as low permeability, low bearing and shear strength, and excessive compressibility, soft soil is one of the most problematic types of soil in civil engineering and soil stabilization can be considered a suitable technique for pavements. This study investigates the use of ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and cement kiln dust (CKD) as stabilizers for soft soil. Thus, this study involves two optimization stages; in the first stage, GGBS was incorporated into 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by the weight of cement to obtain the optimal percentage, which was 6%. Then, the optimal GGBS was blended with CKD in a binary system at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by the dry weight of the soil. The testing program used in this paper was Atterberg limits with compaction parameters to investigate the physical properties and unconfined compressive strength (USC) at 7 and 28 days to examine the mechanical characteristics. In addition, the microstructures of the soil specimens were tested at 7 and 28 days using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings reveal that the binary system enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of the soft soil. The optimum binder achieved in this study was 6% (25% GGBS and 75% CKD), which generates an increase in strength of about 3.3 times in 7 days, and of 5.5 times in 28 days in comparison to the untreated soil. The enhancement was attributed to the formation of the hydration products as approved by SEM. Consequently, in the case of soft subgrade soils, this technique can increase the pavement’s bearing capacity and performance

Physics Potential of the ICAL detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)

The upcoming 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is designed to study the atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately over a wide range of energies and path lengths. The primary focus of this experiment is to explore the Earth matter effects by observing the energy and zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric neutrinos in the multi-GeV range. This study will be crucial to address some of the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics, including the fundamental issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. In this document, we present the physics potential of the detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations. We describe the simulation framework, the neutrino interactions in the detector, and the expected response of the detector to particles traversing it. The ICAL detector can determine the energy and direction of the muons to a high precision, and in addition, its sensitivity to multi-GeV hadrons increases its physics reach substantially. Its charge identification capability, and hence its ability to distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos, makes it an efficient detector for determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this report, we outline the analyses carried out for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and precision measurements of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters at ICAL, and give the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime. We also explore the potential of ICAL for probing new physics scenarios like CPT violation and the presence of magnetic monopoles.Comment: 139 pages, Physics White Paper of the ICAL (INO) Collaboration, Contents identical with the version published in Pramana - J. Physic

A NOVEL APPROACH TO INTRUSION-DETECTION SYSTEM: COMBINING LSTM AND THE SNAKE ALGORITHM

In the epoch of digital transformation, cloud computing remains paramount, acting as the linchpin for a plethora of services from enterprise solutions to day-to-day consumer applications. Yet, its expansive nature has invariably rendered it susceptible to a myriad of cyber threats, necessitating advanced, adaptive defense mechanisms. This paper introduces a novel intrusion detection method tailored for cloud environments, ingeniously amalgamating the temporal pattern recognition capabilities of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with the heuristic finesse of the Snake algorithm. Our research meticulously delineates the LSTM-Snake model's design, implementation, and exhaustive benchmarking against prevailing approaches. Experimental results underscore the model's prowess, registering a commendable 99% accuracy rate in intrusion detection—a marked improvement over current state-of-the-art methodologies. The ensuing discussions offer insights into the model's practical implications, potential limitations, and avenues for future research, paving the way for a fortified cloud computing landscape [JJCIT 2023; 9(4.000): 360-376

Oral Hygiene Practices among Saudi Arabian Children and Its Relation to Their Dental Caries Status

Dental caries is one of the most common preventable diseases occurring among children. The aim here is to survey the oral hygiene practices that are commonly followed by Arab children and to see its relationship with their dental caries status. A cross-sectional study with multistage random sampling technique was conducted. Sociodemographic data and information on oral hygiene practices like use of toothbrush, dental floss, siwak, frequency of brushing along with number of snack between meals per day, and consumption of sugar per day was obtained. Presence of plaque on tooth surfaces was reported using plaque index, which was followed by DMFT index to determine the dental caries status. Among the sample of 500 school children, the mean plaque score in male (mean = 0.69; SD = 0.50) was slightly higher than the female (mean = 0.66; SD = 0.46). Increased frequency of snacks (P=0.05; ß=0.08; CI = −0.00, 0.09) and sugar consumption (P=0.01; ß=0.16; CI = 0.04, 0.27) per day significantly showed higher values of DMFT. Also, the odds of dental caries among the school children who were irregular in brushing their teeth was higher in contrast to the children brushing once (P=0.03; OR = 0.89; CI = 0.70, 1.12) or twice (P=0.03; OR = 0.80; CI = 0.64, 0.93) per day. It is recommended that the dental public health practitioners here should consider the effect of oral hygiene practices on oral health status in order to design the future health promotion interventions